Empirical Testing - Intellectual Toolset
Common Concepts In Logic / Empiricism
Degrees of Certainty
Falsifiability / Confirmation Bias:
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file:///Users/gmgauthier/Downloads/PPIG_2010-calikli_arslan_bener_camera_ready_version-libre.pdf
Inference To The Best Explanation
Also called "Abductive Reasoning". This is a common tool in technical problem-solving, and makes use of P and Q in interesting ways:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abductive_reasoning
Questions To Ask Yourself
How would [X] use this feature?